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The leaders of each nome (nomarch) became more powerful during this time. The Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom were less powerful than the Old Kingdom Pharaohs. A new capital city was created with the 12th dynasty. The eleventh dynasty ruled from a new capital city called Thebes. The Middle Kingdom includes the 11th, 12th, and 13th dynasties which lasted from 2055 BCE to 1650 BCE. The building of a Mastaba clearly led to the building of pyramids during the Old Kingdom. A Mastaba has a flat roof, similar to the base of a pyramid without a top. Egyptians didn't build pyramids during this time, but they did build a burial building called a Mastaba. He defeated some enemies and united Upper and Lower Egypt into one civilization. During this time, the first Pharaoh Narmer started the tradition of passing power to members of his family, usually the son-creating Egypt's first dynasty.

Historians call the time period before the Old Kingdom the Early Dynastic Period.

“Intermediate” periods were times when Egypt was invaded, experienced civil war, bad food harvests, or other difficult times. The “Kingdom” periods were times of peace and prosperity when new temples were built, plenty of food was harvested, and things were basically good. Old Kingdom, First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, and the Third Intermediate Period. Egyptian art and architecture is famous and has been reused and copied by many other civilization including Greece, Rome, and even the United States.Įgypt's history is divided into six different time periods. They used fractions, decimals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and basic ideas of geometry. Egyptians were excellent ship builders and excelled at mathematics. They created a writing material similar to paper called papyrus from reeds found in the Nile. An obelisk is a tall narrow monument that becomes more narrow as it goes up. Egyptians figured out amazing ways to cut stone to use in their temples and obelisks. Egyptians developed a 365-day calendar and used a number system based on 10. In 1822 CE a European explorer found what is called the Rossetta Stone (left picture)-a stone with the same message written in 3 different languages, which finally allowed historians to translate ancient hieroglyphs.

Eventually, they created an alphabet from their symbols. Egyptians developed a writing system called hieroglyphs that combined pictures and symbols.

Egyptians were a very advanced civilization due to their inventions and technology.